参考文献/References:
［１］Gramlich L，Kichian K，Pinilla J，et al．Does enteral nutrition compared to parenteral nutrition result in better outcomes in critically ill adult patients﹖A systematic review of the literature［J］．Nutrition，２００４，２０：８４３－８４８．
［２］Gauderer MW，Ponsky JL，Izant RJ Jr．Gastrostomy without laparotomy ：a percutaneous endoscopic technique［J］．J Pediatr Surg，１９８０，１５：８７２－８７６．
［３］Preshaw RM．A percutaneous method for inserting feeding gastrostomy tube［J］．Surg Gynecol Obstet，１９８１，１５２：６５８－６６０．
［４］Bankhead RR，Fisher CA，Rolandelli RH．Gastrostomy tube placement outcomes：comparison of surgical，endoscopic，and laparoscopic methods［J］．Nutr Clin Pract，２００５，２０：６０７－６１２．
［５］Given MF ，Hanson JJ，Lee MJ．Interventional radiology techniques for provision of enteral feeding［J］．Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol，２００５，２８：６９２－７０３．
［６］DeLegge MH．Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ［J］．Am J Gastroenterol，２００７，１０２：２６２０－２６２３．
［７］Fang JC．Percutaneous Access for Enteral Nutrition［J］．Techniq Gastrointest Endosc，２００７，９：１７６－１８２．
［８］Pothuri B，Montemarano M，Gerardi M，et al．Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in patients with malignant bowel obstruction due to ovarian carcinoma ［J］．Gynecol Onco，２００５，９６：３３０－３３４．
［９］WinterⅢWE ，McBroom JW，Carlson JW，et al．The utility of gastrojejunostomy in secondary cytoreduction and palliation of proximal intestinal obstruction in recurrent ovarian cancer［J］．Gynecol Oncol，２００３，９１：２６１－２６４．
［１０］Silas AM，Pearce LF，Lestina LS，et al．Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy versus percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ：a comparison of indications，complications and outcomes in３７０patients［J］．Eur J Radiol，２００５，５６：８４－９０．
［１１］Tsukuda T，Fujita T，Ito K，et al．Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy using the push－type gastrostomy tubes with CT and fluoroscopic guidance［J］．AJR，２００６，１８６：５７４－５７６．
［１２］Thornton FJ ，Fotheringham T，Haslam PJ ，et al．Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy with and without T－fastener gastropexy：a randomized comparison study［J］．Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol，２００２，２５：４６７－４７１．
［１３］Pitton MB，Herber S，Düber C．Fluoroscopy－guided pull－through gastrostomy ［J］．Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol，２００８，３１：１４２－１４８．
［１４］Rosenberg J，Amaral JG，Sklar CM，et al．Gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy tube placements：outcomes in children with gastroschisis，omphalocele，and congenital diaphragmatic hernia［J］．Radiology，２００８，２４８：２４７－２５３．
［１５］Kavin H，Messersmith R．Radiologic percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy with T－fastener gastropexy：aspects of importance to the endoscopist［J］．Am J Gastroenterol，２００６，１０１：２１５５－２１５９．
［１６］Lewis EC，Connolly B，Temple M，et al．Growth outcomes and complications after radiologic gastrostomy in１２０children［J］．Pediatr Radiol，２００８，３８：９６３－９７０．
［１７］姚礼庆，钟芸诗，周平红，等．经皮内镜胃造瘘和小肠造瘘术的临床应用价值［J］．中国现代手术学杂志，２００６，１０：２５０－２５２．
［１８］欧希龙，刘松桥，邱海波，等．经皮胃镜下胃和小肠造瘘术［J］．中国内镜杂志，２００７，１３：２４９－２５１．
［１９］Raval MV，Phillips JD．Optimal enteral feeding in children with gastric dysfunction：surgical jejunostomy vs image－guided gastrojejunal tube placement ［J］．J Pediatr Surg，２００６，４１：１６７９－１６８２．
［２０］Ginsberg GG．Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy ［J］．Techniques in Gastrointest Endosc，２００１，３：４２－４９．
［２１］Shetzline MA，Suhocki PV，Workman MJ．Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy with small bowel enteroscopy and fluoroscopy［J］．Gastroint Endosc，２００１，５３：６３３－６３８．
［２２］Virnig DJ ，Frech EJ ，DeLegge MH，et al．Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy ：a case series in pediatric patients［J］．Gastrointestinal Endoscopy，２００８，６７：９８４－９８７．
［２３］Maple JT．Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy in the obese：proceed with caution［J］．Gastrointest Endosc，２００８，６７：２７０－２７２．
［２４］Mackenzie SH，Haslem D，Hilden K，et al．Success rate of direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy in patients who are obese［J］．Gastrointest Endosc，２００８，６７：２６５－２６９．
［２５］Yang ZQ，Shin JH，Song HY，et al．Fluoroscopically guided percutaneous jejunostomy ：outcomes in２５consecutive patients［J］．Clin Radiol，２００７，６２：１０６１－１０６５．
［２６］Mawdsley JED，Gibson P，Forbes A，et al．Technical report：per－oral image－guided insertion of a jejunostomy feeding tube［J］．Clin Radiol，２００４，５９：９５１－９５３．
［２７］DeLegge MH，Berry AJ．Risks of Endoscopic Enteral Access［J］．Techniques in Gastrointesti Endosc，２００８，１０：３６－４４．
［２８］MacLean AA，Alvarez NR，Davies JD，et al．Complications of percutaneous endoscopic and fluoroscopic gastrostomy tube insertion procedures in３７８patients［J］．Gastroenterol Nurs，２００７，３０：３３７－３４１．
相似文献/References:
[1]葛坤元,倪才方,刘一之,等.X线透视下经鼻十二指肠营养管的置入及临床应用[J].介入放射学杂志,2008,(05):370.
GE Kunyuan,Ni Caifang,LIU Yizhi,et al.Clinical application of transnasal feeding tube placement under fluoroscopic guidance[J].journal interventional radiology,2008,(01):370.